They are possibly descended from the ancient Corduene. On 14 July 1959, fights broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead. [37][38], The modern Turkmen people descend from the Oghuz Turks of Transoxiana, the western portion of Turkestan, a region that largely corresponds to much of Central Asia as far east as Xinjiang. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs, vol. The third, and largest, wave of Turkmen migration to Iraq arose during the four centuries of Ottoman rule (1535–1919). The Legacy of Iraq by Benjamin Isakhan Edinburgh University Press. Senior members wield considerable authority. It earned him the USSR State Prize for Literature in 1948.[60]. [36] However, war broke out after 89 years of peace and the city was besieged and finally conquered by Abbas the Great in 1624. Migration of the Turkmen tribes from the territory of Turkmenistan and the rest of Central Asia in the south-west direction began mainly from the 11th century and continued until the 18th century. Popular DNA tests are troubling Turks and shaking belief in their “Turkishness” as they find that, instead of being direct descendants of the Seljuk and Ottoman hordes who surged into Anatolia from Central Asia a millennium ago, they are instead part of the kaleidoscope of peoples who have lived in what is now modern Turkey and migrated there since time began. [41][42][43] To preserve their independence, those tribes that remained in Turkmenistan were united in military alliances, although remnants of tribal relations remained until the 20th century. [89], In 1997 the Iraqi Turkmen Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three states that "the official written language of the Turkmen is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet. 50-52. [84], The Afghan Turkmen population in the 1990s was estimated at around 200,000. [47], A genetic study on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups of a Turkmen sample describes a mixture of mostly West Eurasian lineages and minority of East Eurasian lineages. - Of all Central Asian Turks, Turkmen is the most Caucasoid DNA and physically My reason for Turkmen being closer to Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks - They are in Central Asia - Many of them look strongly Mongoloid aswell [5], Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly unreliable, due to suspicions of regime manipulation. The second wave of Turkmen to descend on Iraq were the Turks of the Great Seljuq Empire. 192-200, "Language Materials Project: Turkish". V. Minorsky, “Commentary,” in Sharaf Al-Zämān Tāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India, Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) (English translation and commentary by V. Minorsky) (London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1942), p. 94. [139], Between ten and twelve Turkmen individuals were elected to the transitional National Assembly of Iraq in January 2005, including five on the United Iraqi Alliance list, three from the Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF), and either two or four from the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan. [45], Besides their traditional dialects, the Iraqi Turkmen diaspora also communicate in standard (Istanbul) Turkish,[80] whilst the younger generations in Iraq (below the age of 18 in 2019) speak Istanbul Turkish with ease. [94] A small minority of the Iraqi Turkmen are Catholics,[10][11] it is estimated their number at about 30,000. In total, the number of Turkmens living abroad is about 2.2 million.[88]. [34], With the conquest of Iraq by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534, followed by Sultan Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, a large influx of Turks settled down in the region. The major cities claimed to be a part of Turkmeneli, in a north-to-south order, include: Mosul, Erbil, Kirkuk, Salahaldeen and Diala, Tal Afar, Sancar Altun Kupri, Kifri, Khanaqin, Kizil Ribat, Bakuba and Mendeli. The Turkmen language is closely related to Azerbaijani, Turkish, Gagauz, Qashqai and Crimean Tatar, sharing common linguistic features with each of those languages. The Turkmen of Turkmenistan, like their kin in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Iran, are predominantly Muslims. Famous historian and ruler of Khorezm of the XVII century Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur links the origin of all Turkmens to 24 Oghuz tribes in his literary work "Genealogy of the Turkmens". For Reşit Ali Dakuklu (b. The database includes not only Kurds but also Armenians, Azeris, Arabs, Jews, and members of many other ethnic groups around the world. [24], Nonetheless, the terms imposed on the Turks of Iraq was not resisted, for the word "Turkmen" historically designated the Oghuz Turks who had accepted Islam and migrated westwards from Central Asia to the Middle East. They have long endured persecution — whether by militias after the 2003 war or in the past under Saddam Hussein’s pan-Arab project — and their numbers, approximately 600,000 before the war began, since have fast fallen. und eine große Auswahl ähnlicher Bücher, Kunst und Sammlerstücke erhältlich auf AbeBooks.de. [40] The Iraqi Turkmen made their participation in the electoral process conditional that the preservation of the Turkish character in Kirkuk's administration and the recognition of Turkish as the liwa's official language. It is spoken by over 5,200,000 people in Turkmenistan, and by roughly 3,000,000 people in other countries, including Iran, Afghanistan, and Russia. pp. These early Turkmens are believed to have mixed with native Sogdian peoples and lived as pastoral nomads until being conquered by the Russians in the 19th century.[40]. [36] He describes Oghuz as a Turkic tribe and says that Oghuz and Karluks were both known as Turkmens. [103] Scott Taylor has described the political nature of the results thusly: According to the 1957 census conducted by King Faisal II – a monarch supported by the British – there were only 136,800 Turkmen in all of Iraq. Turkmens (Turkmen: Türkmenler, Түркменлер, توركمنلر , [tʏɾkmønˈløɾ]; [page needed] historically the Turkmen), also known as Turkmen Turks (Turkmen: Türkmen türkleri, توركمن تورکلری ), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of … The Iraqi Turkmen Front is the most important of those parties that followed a course which contradicts the Kurds’ projects and ambitions, and the Turkish state played a pivotal role in supporting Turkmen nationalist movements and nurturing nationalist tendencies by profiting from the Turkmen card to meddle with Iraqi internal affairs and protect its strategic interests, i.e. Turkmens that stayed in Central Asia largely survived unaffected by the Mongol period due to their semi-nomadic lifestyle and became traders along the Caspian, which led to contacts with Eastern Europe. [52] In particular, standard (i.e. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of Erbil, a city which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. [76] The law was repealed in March 2005. [24], The terms "Turkmen", "Turkman", and "Turkoman" have been used in the Middle East for centuries (particularly in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey) to define the common genealogical and linguistic ties of the Oghuz Turks in these regions. Furthermore, the Turkmen officer for the Ministry of Education in Nineveh has requested from the "United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq" the instigation of Turkish language classes for parents. P.J. [120] Since the European migrant crisis (2014-19) the number of Iraqi Turkmen has continued to increase in Europe. [42], Furthermore, the terms "Turkmen/Turkman" are also considered to be historically political because in the early 20th century the minority were simply recognized as Turks who spoke the Turkish language, until after the military coup of July 14, 1958, when the ruling military junta introduced the names "Turkman/Turkmen" to distance the Turks of Iraq from those in Anatolia,[24] and then banned the Turkish language in 1972. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. The most famous Turkmen bakshys are those who lived in the 19th century: Amangeldi Gönübek, Gulgeldi ussa, Garadali Gokleng, Yegen Oraz bakshy, Hajygolak, Nobatnyyaz bakshy, Oglan bakshy, Durdy bakshy, Shukur bakshy, Chowdur bakshy and others. UCLA International Institute, Center for World Languages. [132] Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. Ashkenazi Jewish 2.8% • Kurdish & Turkmen migrations to the Levant came mostly in the 2nd millennium CE. [9] The major cities claimed to be a part of their homeland include: Altun Kupri, Badra, Bakuba, Diala, Erbil, Khanaqin, Kifri, Kirkuk, Kizilribat, Mendeli, Mosul, Salahaldeen, Sancar, Tal Afar, and Tuz Khurmatu. This works include, but are not limited to the Book of Dede Korkut, Gorogly and others. [137] The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. 55-58; A. Zeki Velidî Togan, Oğuz Destanı: Reşideddin Oğuznâmesi, Tercüme ve Tahlili (İstanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1982), pp. [8][9] Nonetheless, the Turkmen are mainly secular, having internalized the secularist interpretation of state–religion affairs practiced in the Republic of Turkey since its foundation in 1923. According to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning the Iraqi Turkmen have a population of about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million (approximately 9% of the country's population). The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre"[129] and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured. February 2007, Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries, ethnic groups and subgroups in Afghanistan, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-afghanistan.html, "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001", https://web.archive.org/web/20060321181818/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&page=SUBSITES&id=434fdc702, "Türkmenistan, kardeş ülke (Turkmenistan, brotherly nation)", "Legends of Oghuz Khan. [33] Zuev (1960) links the tribal name 餘沒渾 Yumeihun (< MC *iʷо-muət-хuən) in Tang Huiyao to the name Yomut of a modern Turkmen clan. - “At the end of the XI century, for the first time in the, Arminius Vambery, "The Turcomans Between the Caspian and Merv", The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. [87], In 1911, the population of Turkmens in the Russian Empire was estimated to be 290,170, and it was "conjectured that their total number [in all countries] does not exceed 350,000". [130][131], In 1980, Saddam Hussein's government adopted a policy of assimilation of its minorities. (1880), Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, "Türkmen", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, eds. In P. Jackson & L. Lockhart (Eds. Representatives of such contemporary Turkmen tribes as Yomut, Goklen, Īgdīr, Saryk, Salar and Teke have lived in Iran since the 16th century,[83] though ethnic history of Turkmens in Iran starts with the Seljuk conquest of the region in the 11th century. Popular DNA tests are troubling Turks and shaking belief in their “Turkishness” as they find that, instead of being direct descendants of the Seljuk and Ottoman hordes who surged into Anatolia from Central Asia a millennium ago, they are instead part of the kaleidoscope of peoples who have lived in what is now modern Turkey and migrated there since time began. While formerly the dominant etymology in modern scholarship, this mixed Turkic-Persian derivation is now viewed as incorrect.[28]. von ERSHAD AL-HIRMIZI. I, p. 55. Furthermore, under the Ba'th party, discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979[39] as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of Arabization policies by the state, and Kurdification by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland. [53], In general, the Iraqi Turkmen dialects of Tal Afar (approx 700,000 speakers),[84] Altun Kupri, Tuz Khurmatu, Taza Khurmatu, Kifri, Bashir and Amirli show unity with the Eastern Anatolian dialect of Urfa;[79][77] meanwhile, the dialects in Kirkuk, Erbil, Dohuk, Mandali and Khanaqin show similarities with Tehrani and Afshar Turkic dialects. This page was last edited on 13 March 2021, at 15:53. Der Text dieser Seite basiert auf dem Artikel Datei:Flag of the Iraqi Turkmen.svg aus der freien Enzyklopädie Wikipedia und ist unter der Lizenz „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“ verfügbar. Representatives of the Turkmen tribes of Ive and Bayandur were also the founders of the short-lived, but formidable states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu Turkmens respectively.[50][51]. As a result, Iraqi Turkmen syntax differs sharply from Irano-Turkic. [30], Earlier references to Türkmen might be trwkkmˀn (if not trkwmˀn "translator"), mentioned in an 8th-century Sogdian letter and 特拘夢 Tejumeng (< MC ZS *dək̚-kɨo-mɨuŋH), another name of Sogdia, besides Suyi 粟弋 and Sute 粟特, according to the Chinese encyclopedia Tongdian. ), The Cambridge History of Iran (The Cambridge History of Iran, pp. [86], Although the Turkmen language belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, in Stavropol it has been strongly influenced by the Nogai language, which belongs to the Kipchak group. [33] The Ottomans encouraged migration from Anatolia and the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along northern Iraq, religious scholars were also brought in to preach Hanafi (Sunni) Islam. The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims, with Shia and Alevi Muslim minorities. myheritage Kurdishmyheritage iraqimyheritage turkmenmyheritage DNADNA results kurdishDNA kurdish [126], Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. - Linguistically, Turkmen belongs to the Oghuz -Turkic group unlike other who belong to the Kipchak-Turkic group. (1958) “Türkmen Adı, Manası ve Mahiyeti,” in, Zuev Yu.A. This is my Y-DNA matches distribution. Until subjugated by the Russians, the Turkmens were a warlike people, who conquered their neighbours and regularly captured ethnic Persians for sale as slaves in Khiva. Iraqi Turkmen make up the nation’s third-largest ethnic group behind Arabs and Kurds. We can add to that small-scale results from Family Tree DNA's "Kurdish DNA Project"; at present the following Y-DNA (paternal DNA) haplogroups were found among its grouped members: G2a, G2a3b1, I1, J1, R1a1a1, R1b1a2a1a1b4i, and one instance of Q1b1a. Areas with cotton production could use cottonseed oil and sheep herders used fat from the fat-tailed sheep. Examples of other Oghuz languages are Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai, Gagauz, Khorasani, and Salar. [93], The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly Muslims. After the Russian Revolution, Soviet control was established by 1921, and in 1924 Turkmenistan became the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. There are also Iraqi Turkmen communities living in Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand,[citation needed] Greece, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.[116][117][118][119]. Sequencing of gene … This question is completely backwards: Many Azerbaijanis are partly descendants of Turkmen, as are most Iraqi Turkmen. 1910), this signified that his community was Muslim and that “my father is Turk, and the homeland [is] my mother". For example, in the 1957 census, the Iraqi government first claimed that there was 136,800 Turks in Iraq. The Iraqi Turkmen/Turkomans generally consider several major cities, and small districts associated with these cities, as part of their homeland. [137] In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. [123], Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, Kirkuk. Universal and local, Iraqi and Turkish at the same time, the Turkoman poets were willing to serve their nation yet unwilling to neglect their culture and their Turkishness. Sub-ethnic and supra-ethnic loyalties were more important to people than ethnicity. Unique to Turkmen culture is kalim which is a groom's "dowry", that can be quite expensive and often results in the widely practiced[citation needed] tradition of bridal kidnapping. [45] Karafet et al. While football remains the most popular sport, such sports as Turkmen goresh, horseback riding and lately ice hockey are also very popular among Turkmens. [73], Turkmen lifestyle was heavily invested in horsemanship and as a prominent horse culture, Turkmen horse-breeding was an ages old tradition. They are probably L1b-M317 (PH8+), also known as L1b Pontic Cluster. [140][141], In the December 2005 elections, between five and seven Turkmen candidates were elected to the Council of Representatives. 1997. The music of the Turkmen people is closely related to the Kyrgyz and Kazakh folk forms. A long established Turkmen colony resides in Stavropol Krai of southern Russia. However the … [71] In 1995, Turkmen academics estimated, ...there are 125,000 Turkmen living in Uzbekistan, 40,000 in Russia and 22,000 in Tajikistan. [79] Hence, there are linguists who acknowledge similarities with Azerbaijani spoken in Iran but say that Iraqi Turkmen has "greater proximity to Turkish of Turkey". Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Stefano Carboni, Jean-François de Lapérouse, Historical overview - "Turkmen Jewelry: Silver Ornaments from the Marshall and Marilyn R. Wolf Collection", published by Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011. Professor Orit Bashkin has observed that within Iraqi Turkmen literature, poets have managed to "remain loyal to Iraq as a state" whilst they have also "concurrently upheld their Turkish distinctiveness": For Mustafa Gökkaya (b. [134] Thus, ethnic cleansing was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk. According to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, in 2013, the Iraqi Turkmen population numbered 3 million out of Iraq's 34.7 million inhabitants. [9] Thus, the Turkmeneli region lies between the Arab areas of settlement to the south and Kurdish areas to the north. Turkmen (Latin: Türkmençe, Cyrillic: Түркменче) is the language of the nation of Turkmenistan. Such sports as horseback riding and Goresh have been praised in Turkmen literature. [77], Other customs include the consultation of tribal elders, whose advice is often eagerly sought and respected. [4][6][7][101] This put them third, behind Arabs and Kurds. The Turkmen and Iraqi homeland. The most spoken languages are Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. The early settlers were nomadic but over time became sedentary. [22], Seljuks, Khwarazmians, Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, Ottomans and Afsharids are also believed to descend from the Turkmen tribes of Qiniq, Begdili, Yiva, Bayandur, Kayi and Afshar respectively. [85] In particular, a cultural orientation towards Turkey prevails among Iraqi Turkmen intellectuals and diglossia (Turkish of Turkey) is very frequent in educated circles, especially in Kirkuk. The Royal Geographic Society reported in 1882, The food of the Tekkes [sic] consists of well-prepared pillaus and of game; also of fermented camels' milk, melons, and water-melons. [93] Türkmeneli TV has signed agreements with several Turkish channels, such as TRT, TGRT and ATV, as well as with the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus's main broadcaster BRT, to share programmes and documentaries. [83][51], Due to the existence of different Turkish migration waves to Iraq for over 1,200 years, the Iraqi Turkmen varieties are by no means homogeneous;[83][52] dialects can vary according to regional features. The original Turkmen groups came from east of the Caspian Sea into northwestern Afghanistan at various periods, particularly after the end of the 19th century when the Russians moved into their territory. 1918), being part of “the Turks of Iraq” signified maintaining brotherly relations with every nation, being united with Iraq, while speaking in Turkish. These lands were subsequently ruled by the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Mongolians, Ottomans and finally British prior to the independence. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire. [139] According to United Nations reports, the KRG and Peshmerga were "illegaily policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". [25][26] Only later did this word come to refer to a specific ethnonym. Introduction (in Russian)", "Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary", "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians", "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge", "Gene pool of Turkmens from Karakalpakstan in their Central Asian context (Y-chromosome polymorphism)", "Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism in Populations of the Caspian Region and Southeastern Europe", "Profile: Turkmenistan - The Land of Horse Heaven", "Turkmenistan: A Land Of Health And Happiness...And Horses", "Price of loving a Turkmen girl is now $50,000", "Turkmenistan: Marriage Gets Cheaper As Turkmenbashi Drops $50,000 Dollar Foreigners' Fee", "US Library of Congress Country Studies-Turkmenistan: Social Structure", "Official website of "Rubin" Kazan Football Club (in Russian)", "Kurban Berdiyev's interview, Part 2 (in Russian)", "The national ice hockey team of Turkmenistan finished the 2019 World Cup in Sofia in third place", "US Library of Congress Country Studies-Afghanistan: Turkmen", The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, "UNHCR Begins Compiling Database of Refugees in Turkmenistan", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmens&oldid=1011442407, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles containing Turkmen-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 March 2021, at 22:31. M. Nauka (Science), 1971. [57] It was not until 2005 that the Turkmen dialects were recognized under the Iraqi constitution; since then, the Iraqi Turkmen have opened numerous Turkish schools[58] and media exposure from Turkey has led to the standardisation of their dialects towards Istanbul Turkish and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the Turkish culture. Turkmens also have two unusual mtDNA markers with polymorphic characteristics, only found in Turkmens and southern Siberians. They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Eastern Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. [29] During the subsequent Abbassid era, thousands more Turkmen warriors were brought into Iraq; however, the number of Turkmen who had settled in Iraq were not significant, as a result, the first wave of Turkmen became assimilated into the local Arab population.[26].
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